Sociological Theories

Understanding society also requires an understanding of the different facets that influence its nature and dynamics. This is the reason why sociological theories are developed and considered part of extant literature on the study of societies: they help provide different dimensions from which society is understood and hopefully, social problems are improved. Three dominant theories in the field of sociology are functional, conflict, and symbolic interaction theories. Functionalist theory, or functionalism, posits that society is "made up of interrelated parts," wherein each part has a "function or role to play in keeping society running smoothly" (Renzetti & Curran, 2000:14). Conflict theory, meanwhile, looks at the dysfunction of each interrelated part in the society, determining how each contributes to the dysfunction of the society as a whole. Symbolic interactionism, meanwhile, focuses more on the "patterns" and "rules" that govern sociological phenomenon or action in the society (16). These theories help provide different perspectives to a phenomenon or reality in society, such as colleges in the United States, for example. From a functionalist perspective, colleges are crucial parts or systems in the society because it promotes and makes possible education for the society. However, from a conflict theory standpoint, colleges can be considered structures or systems through which only those with access to education continue to perpetuate the 'oppression' of the "have-nots" -- people who cannot afford a college education. Symbolic interactionism, meanwhile, looks at colleges as an important tradition and process in the American society, wherein people are expected to be educated and go through the process of entering and having a college education, towards the goal of becoming a productive and/or learned member of the society. Primarily, symbolic interactionism focuses on the tradition of continuing education, and education as a critical part of every person's being and identity in his/her society.

Reference

Renzetti, C. And D. Curran. (2000). Living Sociology. MA: Allyn and Bacon.